What is IVF?

As you may know, IVF is an assisted reproductive technique for couples unable to conceive naturally. It involves collecting reproductive cells from the prospective mum and dad, facilitating fertilisation in a laboratory, and then implanting the fertilised egg into the woman’s uterus.

How is IVF Performed?

Eggs are collected from the mum, and sperm from the dad. These cells are brought together in a lab to achieve fertilisation. The fertilised eggs develop into embryos, which are then implanted into the woman’s uterus. Once implanted, the pregnancy proceeds similarly to a natural conception.

Stages of IVF Treatment

1. Information and Evaluation: The process starts with training and assessment. GPs provide prospective parents with comprehensive information about the procedures, treatment plan, medications, and other relevant details. Additionally, necessary tests are conducted to ensure the suitability and readiness for the treatment process.
2. Stimulation and Formation of Eggs: Medications are administered to stimulate egg development in the woman’s ovaries, a process typically completed within 10-12 days. Regular visits to the GP are essential to monitor progress and ensure optimal results.
3. Egg Retrieval: Once enough mature eggs are identified, a trigger shot is given, followed by egg retrieval after 36 hours. This procedure, performed under anaesthesia, takes 15-30 minutes.
4. Fertilisation: Eggs and sperm are fertilised in a lab, and the best-quality embryos are selected for transfer.
5. Embryo Transfer: Selected embryos are placed into the woman’s uterus. This procedure doesn’t require anaesthesia and takes about 5-10 minutes. The prospective mother rests for a few hours post-procedure.

Eligibility for IVF Treatment

IVF is suitable for individuals who have:

• Not conceived after 1 year of unprotected intercourse
• Diagnosed infertility
• Pelvic pain, endometriosis, or recurrent miscarriages
• Issues with sperm quality and mobility
• Genetic diseases hindering pregnancy
• Advanced age (35+)

Individuals with hormone issues, those in menopause, women who have had their uterus surgically removed, and men with no sperm production are not eligible.

Factors Affecting IVF Success

• Advanced age
• Excess weight
• Immune system issues
• Uterus and fallopian tube problems
• Diminished ovarian reserve
• Alcohol and tobacco use
• Excessive stress
• Poor nutrition

Age Limit for IVF

Women with a good ovarian reserve can undergo IVF up to age 45. However, success rates decrease significantly after age 35 due to the decline in egg quantity and quality.

Tips for Successful Treatment

• Follow the GP’s advice and take prescribed medications regularly.
• Drink about 2 litres of water daily, especially after egg retrieval.
• Maintain sexual abstinence for 2-3 days before egg retrieval.
• Avoid any medication without the GP’s recommendation.
• Eat a balanced, fibrous diet.
• Quit alcohol and tobacco use, and avoid cigarette smoke.

IVF treatment can be a crucial method for couples unable to conceive naturally. By conducting thorough research on IVF options, choosing the right centre, and following medical guidance, couples can increase their chances of a successful pregnancy and approach the journey with confidence and reduced stress.

Have a healthy day!

Especially during pregnancy, experiencing dental issues can be quite challenging. It’s probably not hard to imagine how difficult it can be to deal with a decayed tooth that causes pain during pregnancy. For this reason, paying attention to your dental health before getting pregnant is essential. Getting more detailed information about your dental health before pregnancy will guide you on what you need to do.

Why Is Dental Health Important Before Pregnancy?

The hormone levels that increase with pregnancy have some effects on your teeth as well. Because of that, you must form a routine before pregnancy. What are these effects? Let’s explore.

• The increasing hormone levels can increase inflammation in the gums.
• Neglecting regular cleaning of dental plaques, along with inflammation in the gums, can cause tumour formation in the gums. 
• Dental treatments that are not done before pregnancy can create the risk of premature birth and miscarriage.
• During the early stages of pregnancy, vomiting episodes and increased acid levels in the mouth can lead to dental problems. Especially before pregnancy with untreated dental issues, the problems increase. Because of these, it is of importance to have an oral care routine before pregnancy.
• Teeth and gums that are not regularly taken care of can turn your pregnancy into a nightmare. Bleeding in gums may increase. Because of that pre-pregnancy dental care is a pretty important issue.
• You will have a different diet during your pregnancy and will be experiencing eating little but more often which will cause you to be more mindful of your dental health. Not taking care of the already existing problems before your pregnancy will further increase the problems.

Dental Treatment Before Pregnancy

If you are planning your pregnancy it is pretty important to get a dental checkup. The decay in your teeth, gum problems, and issues in wisdom teeth should be taken care of before pregnancy. Dental plaques especially should be cleaned regularly.

One of the most important hormones during pregnancy, “progesterone,” will increase even more during this period. This will lead to increased plaque formation on the teeth. Therefore, dental treatment before pregnancy and regular plaque cleaning will become even more important. A decayed tooth causing pain or a problematic gum that constantly bleeds can be quite irritating. Not taking care of these issues beforehand can cause significant problems during your pregnancy.

What Will Your Dentist Do in Pre-Pregnancy Dental Care?

Firstly, you should know the benefits of consulting a field expert. In this sense, it would be sensible to first do some research and then find a suitable dentist for you. Let’s explore what steps your doctor will take.

• Initially, to identify your tooth roots and cavities, your dentist will request a detailed mouth X-ray from you.
• After the X-ray, your doctor will identify and treat any cavities present. They will also identify cavities that extend to the root canal and perform root canal treatment if necessary.
• It would also be sensible to replace previously performed root canal treatments and worn-out fillings. In this respect, if it’s considered suitable to replace the worn-out fillings with new ones, they will also be renewed.
• Any existing bridges in the mouth will be examined for any hygiene-affecting issues. Your doctor may deem it appropriate to replace them if they find that your bridges are worn out.
• Your doctor will apply a treatment to address any diseases and issues in the gums.
• Additionally, the increased hormones during pregnancy will double the existing plaque problem. Therefore, your doctor will also clean your plaques.
• Lastly, it would be beneficial to get oral care recommendations to follow during your pregnancy from your dentist.

What Problems Can Untreated Dental Treatments Before Pregnancy Lead To?

Firstly, you should know that sayings like, “Gain a child, lose a tooth,” which we hear from our mothers and elders, are not accurate. This is because the calcium needed for your baby is first provided by what you consume and then from your bones. So, there is no connection between your teeth and your baby’s calcium needs. Your dental health is important for you. You need to take good care of your teeth for your own health first. Let’s check what kind of problems untreated dental issues before pregnancy can lead to.

• Researchers have found that the “p.gingivalis” bacteria, especially present in saliva and causing infections can reduce the chances of pregnancy. 
• The presence of this bacteria reduces the likelihood of getting pregnant by three times. Therefore, it is crucial to have your dental issues taken care of before pregnancy.
• Not getting dental treatments done before pregnancy can lead to issues like premature birth and low birth weight in the baby.
• Additionally, gum problems also increase the risk of premature birth and miscarriage.

The main cause of these factors we’ve listed is known to be gum problems. It’s commonly believed that fluids released from gum problems can trigger premature birth. Of course, it should not be forgotten that more research is needed on this matter.

What Should You Do If You Notice Dental Problems After Getting Pregnant?

Not all pregnancies are necessarily planned. If you didn’t realise you were pregnant and discovered dental issues during this period, it’s advisable to get your treatment done between the 3rd and 6th months of your pregnancy. This is because the first three months of pregnancy are crucial for the baby’s initial development and organ formation. Taking medications or undergoing dental cleaning during this period might not be a healthy option for the baby. However, if you encounter a challenging situation, make sure to consult with your obstetrician before seeing your dentist.

In short, oral care can lead to various issues ranging from conception to the baby’s weight, premature birth, and miscarriage. All these factors are highly important. If you are planning a pregnancy, addressing existing dental and gum problems from the start would be sensible. This is because the hormones released during pregnancy can cause gum sensitivity.

The altered oral structure during pregnancy, combined with previously untreated dental issues, can further complicate matters for you. Dental pain and gum problems can cause significant discomfort even in non-pregnant individuals, let alone a pregnant person. To ensure a comfortable pregnancy, it would be wise to address any dental issues before this period. 

Get a general health check-up.

When deciding to have a baby, the first step is to undergo a comprehensive health check-up. In addition to a physical examination, a general health screening, including blood and urine tests, can help identify any potential health issues before getting pregnant. This allows for the early detection of any underlying problems that may arise during pregnancy, allowing you to take preventive measures against certain issues that may arise during such a critical period as pregnancy (such as hypertension, diabetes, thyroid issues, iron deficiency, etc.). Starting treatment for any underlying conditions and allowing the body to recover before getting pregnant can help prevent health problems during pregnancy.

Have a gynaecological examination.

Just as important as a general health screening is for the mother-to-be to have a gynaecological examination before conception. Deciding to have a baby may not always result in pregnancy right away. Sometimes, couples may try for months without success. Often, reproductive system-related issues are among the reasons underlying this difficulty. Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome, which require long-term treatment and affect the mother-to-be, can make it difficult to conceive and may complicate ongoing pregnancies. Therefore, a gynaecological examination should not be skipped to ensure that the reproductive organs are functioning properly.

Stop hormonal contraception methods.

When you’re ready to have a child and your necessary health checks show no issues, it’s appropriate to discontinue your birth control method. However, some contraceptive methods may not lose their effectiveness immediately after being discontinued. Especially hormonal methods may retain their effects for some time after stopping the medication. Additionally, it may take some time for the body to regain its previous fertility. If pregnancy is planned, this should be taken into account when making decisions.

Review your dietary habits.

Everything you eat during pregnancy not only nourishes you but also feeds the baby growing inside you. Your baby gets all the nutrients it needs from you. Therefore, any incorrect eating habits should be corrected before conception. A healthy and balanced eating routine should be established.

Avoid excessive consumption of fatty, sugary, additive-containing, packaged, and canned foods, and make sure to consume fresh vegetables, fruits, whole grains, meat, and dairy products daily.

Quit smoking and alcohol consumption.

The use of harmful substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and drugs during pregnancy can adversely affect the baby’s development. Continued use of such harmful substances, especially in small amounts, during pregnancy can lead to various health problems for both pregnant women and their babies. Conditions such as low birth weight, developmental delay in babies, birth defects, premature birth, and even fetal death may occur. Therefore, these types of habits must be completely abandoned before pregnancy.

Start taking folic acid supplements.

During pregnancy, expectant mothers need to take certain vitamin supplements. Folic acid is the most important of these supplements. The first three months of pregnancy, when the basic foundations of the baby’s organs are laid, are a crucial time in this regard. However, folic acid supplementation should start at least 3 months before pregnancy. Neural tube defects, which directly affect the nervous system, are mainly caused by a deficiency of folic acid. To prevent this condition, expectant mothers should take a daily 400 mcg folic acid supplement starting before pregnancy.

Lose excess weight.

One of the answers to what to pay attention to before becoming pregnant is weight control. Starting pregnancy with excess weight can trigger systemic diseases, such as diabetes, change the shape of childbirth, and lead to delayed recovery after childbirth. If you are considering pregnancy, the ideal time to shape your lifestyle in this direction and start losing excess weight is before pregnancy. Otherwise, trying to lose weight during pregnancy can be risky for both the mother and the baby.

Avoid stress.

Stress plays a significant role not only in the development and progression of many diseases but also in trying to get pregnant. The stress factor is an effect that makes it difficult to conceive. If you are planning to have a baby, removing stress from your life will be beneficial.

Take vitamin supplements if necessary.

Even if your blood values are within normal limits before pregnancy, the need for vitamin and mineral supplementation during pregnancy will increase rapidly, so balanced and adequate nutrition alone may not be enough. Starting with a general multivitamin supplement before conception can help meet the needs of both the baby and the mother. This way, starting before pregnancy, the mother’s body will increase its resistance and strengthen its immunity.

Follow your vaccination schedule.

Some infections and contagious diseases caught during pregnancy pose a vital risk to the baby. The most basic way to protect against these diseases and infections is through vaccination. However, vaccination against diseases such as measles and chickenpox, which provide protection against contagious diseases and contain inactive viruses, especially during pregnancy, is not safe for the baby. Therefore, before planning pregnancy, necessary vaccinations against possible infections should be completed before becoming pregnant.

Be cautious about radiation and medication use.

When trying to conceive, one should be much more cautious about chemical substances in everyday life. Pregnant women should not be exposed to radiation and should not use prescription drugs due to the negative effects they may have on fetal development. Since it may not be possible to know the exact moment of conception, precautions should be taken, radiation should be avoided, and drugs that are not safe to use during pregnancy should not be used without consulting a doctor.

Please note that what needs to be considered before pregnancy generally varies from person to person. In addition to the listed suggestions, the expectant mother should strive to get regular and quality sleep and, if possible, engage in light exercise to make her muscles more resilient to pregnancy.

Have you ever considered the possible effects of stress on getting pregnant? Let’s learn together about the effects of depression on women’s health and whether depression prevents pregnancy.

The Influence of Depression on Women’s Reproductive Health

The most important factor in women’s reproductive systems is hormones. Menstrual cycles occur with fluctuations in certain hormones at specific times. Changes in these hormone levels also affect women’s psychology. Conversely, a woman’s psychological state also affects hormones.

Some women experience certain symptoms starting one or two weeks before their menstrual period. Bloating, headaches, irritability, and pessimism are some of these effects.

In individuals with depression, these symptoms can be much more severe. Research shows that many women who experience severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS), also known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), often have psychological problems such as depression.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is essentially a more severe version of PMS, where feelings of irritability and depression experienced before each menstrual cycle are at higher levels. Additionally, this condition, which can lead to symptoms such as weight gain, fatigue, and sleep disturbances, is more common in women with depression due to differences in reproductive hormone levels.

Research has shown that women with depression are more likely to experience irregular menstrual cycles. This not only affects women psychologically but also physically, making it more difficult for them to conceive.

Does Focusing Excessively on Pregnancy Make Conception Harder?

Many women who decide to conceive after stopping contraception immediately think they can become pregnant. They track ovulation days, have intercourse at the necessary frequency, and do everything they think is necessary. However, when their period approaches and each test they take shows a negative result, they feel disappointed and question what went wrong.

In reality, there is nothing wrong. It’s just that the expectant mother overlooks the fact that a healthy woman can take up to a year to conceive through unprotected and regular intercourse. Women planning to conceive spend much of their time thinking about it. They count the days to have intercourse and often engage in intercourse solely for the purpose of having a child. Then, they reach the same conclusion: disappointment over a negative pregnancy test result.

In this situation, individuals start to consider something normal as “Is there a problem with us?” This naturally leads to stress, bringing along many more problems.

Constantly thinking about having a baby can lead to stress in women, disrupting hormone levels and preventing healthy ovulation. This is because stress is managed in the same centre as hormones responsible for ovulation, called the hypothalamus.

Focusing solely on ovulation day can lead to missing the actual days. This is because women’s ovulation days vary. Therefore, it is best to go with the flow and not miss the other days.

Sharing that you are planning a pregnancy with everyone can lead to encountering some questions from your surroundings. People may inadvertently create pressure on you, leading to an increase in your stress levels. Therefore, many couples only share that they have stopped contraception with their closest relatives.

Engaging in sexual intercourse is an action taken for pleasure. However, when the goal is to become pregnant, this enjoyable act can turn into a duty. This can lead to couples being unwilling, often not wanting to have intercourse, and causing stress, affecting a person’s psychology and thus their hormones negatively. Therefore, doctors often warn couples about this. Concerns about having a child can reduce sexual desire. It can lead to poor nutrition and weaken the immune system, making it easier to get sick.

Reducing Stress and Making Pregnancy Easier

Being able to manage stress, one of the main causes of many illnesses, is important for improving quality of life. If you find yourself turning pregnancy into a stressful situation or struggling with a problem like depression, there are a few tips you can try to get rid of it:

• Exercising not only helps maintain physical health but also benefits your mental health. Therefore, if you have a stressful disposition and want a baby, it’s time to add some activity to your life! Exercising three times a week and making it a habit can make you a happier person by clearing your mind of negative thoughts.
• The effects of yoga and meditation on human psychology are undeniable. By practising yoga and meditation, you can free yourself from negative thoughts and get rid of the negative effects of things not going well in your life to some extent.
• Balanced and healthy eating is important for both physical and mental health. Research has shown that people with low levels of omega-3 are more likely to experience depression. In addition, it has been found that depression is much more likely in individuals with deficiencies in vitamins B12, B6, cholesterol, selenium, zinc, iron, magnesium, or vitamin D. Therefore, a varied and healthy diet is a highly effective method for preventing or resolving depression.

If you are struggling with depression alone, be sure to seek help from a specialist. Otherwise, the situation can be exacerbated and cause you even more harm. If you are undergoing medication and planning to become pregnant during this process, be sure to share this with your doctor. Your doctor will adjust the dosage or medication according to your condition.

In light of this information, we can say that stress and depression directly affect women’s reproductive health. Therefore, it is essential to reduce sources of stress, avoid obsessing over pregnancy, and seek help from a specialist if you have any psychological disorders. When you feel good about yourself, becoming pregnant will be much easier.

What Are the Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts?

These cysts primarily manifest as pain in the groin, intense pain during menstrual periods, and pain during sexual intercourse. However, if these cysts rupture or burst, they can also present symptoms such as dizziness, severe nausea or vomiting, and abdominal pain.

How Can You Determine Whether the Cyst is Benign or Malignant?

This determination is made through a doctor’s examination and ultrasound testing. In some women, blood tests are also conducted. Elevated values in blood tests, such as CA-125, may indicate a tumour. In such cases, although rare, patients may be referred for an MRI. During ultrasound examinations, if these cysts are larger than 10 cm, show irregularities or changes on the cyst surface, or are adherent to other surrounding tissues, it could pose a potential risk.

Do Ovarian Cysts Pose a Barrier to Pregnancy?

Generally, ovarian cysts do not present a negative condition for women. This also applies to expectant mothers. Becoming pregnant while having cysts in a chronic state, or when there is already a cyst present in the expectant mother, is common. However, chocolate cysts, which are rarely seen, can have characteristics that may hinder pregnancy because they can be adherent to other tissues.

How Are Ovarian Cysts Treated?

In women, the most common type of cyst encountered and experienced is called an ovarian cyst. These cysts are usually harmless and tend to resolve and disappear on their own. In very rare cases, treatment may be necessary. However, if these cysts do not resolve or show signs of growth, they may need to be surgically removed or treated.

If the size of these cysts is less than 5-6 cm, they usually disappear on their own within a few weeks. Birth control pills prescribed by a doctor can also help these cysts disappear. Despite this treatment, if the cysts do not disappear, they are removed through medical and surgical interventions.

You should always pay attention to monitoring your cysts. Although most cysts are harmless, it is advisable to have them examined by your doctor every six months. If you experience the symptoms associated with cysts, it is important not to delay consulting your doctor, which will be beneficial for you and your baby.

So, what prevents pregnancy and what are the factors that hinder conception? Let’s explore together.

Why Can’t I Get Pregnant?

In today’s world, about 15% of couples trying to conceive through natural means fail to achieve pregnancy. There are various reasons why pregnancy may be difficult or fail to occur at all. In these cases, it is necessary to investigate what obstacles prevent pregnancy through certain tests and examinations. These obstacles can be congenital or related to an illness, or they can arise due to environmental factors.

In some cases, medication or surgical intervention may be necessary to address the underlying causes and enable conception. However, it’s also common for couples to become prematurely anxious. In situations where pregnancy does not occur, it’s not advisable to immediately jump to the conclusion of infertility. Even if all conditions seem favourable, conception may not always happen. This does not necessarily mean that you are unable to conceive.

When Can You Say ‘I Can’t Get Pregnant’?

For a couple to say, ‘We can’t conceive,’ three conditions must first be met correctly and fully.

1. Adequate Time

Conception is not something that occurs with every sexual encounter coinciding with ovulation. The likelihood of conception occurring within a month is approximately 20-25%. Therefore, waiting for one year for individuals under 35 years old and six months for those over 35 years old without trying to conceive through unprotected intercourse may not be considered a sufficient amount of time. However, if these periods have passed without success, it may be appropriate to consult a doctor.

2. Regular Intercourse

Regular intercourse plays a significant role in increasing the chances of pregnancy. Experts recommend engaging in unprotected intercourse at least twice a week. Especially for individuals with an average menstrual cycle of 28 days, having intercourse between the 10th and 16th days from the first day of menstruation significantly increases the success rate.

3. Correct Intercourse

In addition to adequate time and regular intercourse, the correct execution of sexual intercourse between couples is essential for conception. Here, more important than the position is ensuring that the man’s sperm cells reach the woman’s vagina.

If these three conditions are met – in other words, if adequate time has been tried, intercourse has been regular and correctly performed, but pregnancy has not occurred after a period of 12 months – it may be appropriate to consult a specialist doctor to conduct a detailed investigation into the reasons for not being able to conceive.

How Does Pregnancy Occur?

Pregnancy occurs when the egg cell encounters a sperm cell in the fallopian tubes, fertilisation occurs, and the fertilised embryo progresses through the tubes and implants in the uterus. Any problems in the woman’s reproductive organs or the man’s reproductive system that prevent the completion of this cycle will also prevent pregnancy. Therefore, reasons for both women and men should be investigated separately.

What Are the Reasons for Not Getting Pregnant?

Various problems related to the production of egg cells, the production and transmission of sperm cells, or the meeting and merging of egg and sperm cells may prevent pregnancy. Therefore, the reasons for not getting pregnant will differ for women and men.

Reasons Related to the Mother-to-be

Women’s reproductive systems are much more complex than men’s, which means there can be many reasons why pregnancy is prevented by the woman.

• Ovulation problems: If a woman experiences the absence of menstruation or irregular menstruation, a mature egg cell suitable for fertilisation may not be obtained.
• Blockages in the fallopian tubes: If both tubes are closed, the egg cell cannot meet the sperm cell, and fertilisation cannot occur.
• Low egg reserve: Especially in older women, a decrease in the egg reserves in the ovaries reduces the chance of fertilisation.
• Physiological problems in the uterus: Structural abnormalities such as double uterus, half uterus, or curtains in the uterus.
• Uterine adhesions: Adenomyosis is where uterine cells adhere to the uterine wall.
• Endometriosis: Adhesions occurring in the fallopian tubes can lead to blockages and prevent fertilisation.
• Excessive secretion of the milk hormone (prolactin): This condition, also known as hyperprolactinemia, can cause ovulation problems in women and thus prevent pregnancy.
• Infections: Infections occurring in the reproductive organs can adversely affect fertility.
• Thyroid hormone disorders such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or goitre: Disturbances in hormone levels can prevent ovulation.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome and fibroids: These are problems that can lead to failure to ovulate and blockage in the fallopian tubes.

Reasons Related to the Father-to-be

If pregnancy does not occur due to reasons related to the man, the man’s sperm cell will be examined. There can be many reasons why pregnancy is prevented by the man.

• Testicular tumours
• Undeveloped sperm ducts
• Testicular trauma
• Varicocele (enlargement of the veins in the testicles)
• Cystic fibrosis: A genetic disease that affects the function of organs’ exocrine glands, leading to dysfunction.
• Hydrocele: The accumulation of fluid between the membranes surrounding the testicles, causing an excess of fluid accumulation and hindering the function of the testicles.
• Azoospermia (absence of sperm cells in semen)
• Low sperm count: A decrease in the number of sperm cells in the semen reduces the chance of fertilisation.
• Structural abnormalities in sperm cells
• Motility of existing sperm cells: Poorly mobile sperm cells reduce the chance of fertilisation.
• Erectile dysfunction
• Testicular infections
• Retrograde ejaculation
• Hormonal disorders
• Cancer treatment and medication use
• Smoking and alcohol consumption

The information obtained from the necessary examinations of both the mother-to-be and father-to-be will shed light on the question of ‘Why can’t I get pregnant?’. Based on the results, methods such as egg tracking for women, medication for men, or artificial insemination for women may be attempted to achieve pregnancy. However, before resorting to these measures, it is essential to ensure that an adequate amount of time has passed for pregnancy to occur, and impatience should be avoided.

Can the presence of pregnancy be detected before menstruation? What are the symptoms of early pregnancy? Let’s examine together. 

When Do Early Pregnancy Symptoms Appear?

To find out if you’re pregnant, you need to endure an impatient wait. Although the body may show some responses, you often don’t suspect until before your period is delayed. Moreover, it’s not possible to know exactly when fertilisation occurred. A rough estimate of fertilisation time is determined based on the date of your last menstruation when your period is delayed. In short, you can only learn that you’re expecting when the embryo is about 3-4 weeks old.

During this time frame, you may notice some metabolic changes in your body. Due to the effect of pregnancy hormones, your body can exhibit some responses from the first week onwards. Not every woman may notice these signs, and they can often be confused or misunderstood with other conditions. However, pregnancy symptoms can manifest themselves from the first week onwards.

Early Pregnancy Symptoms Before Menstrual Delay

Expectant mothers, driven by excitement and curiosity, may seek answers to their doubts and track some symptoms in their bodies to find out if they’re pregnant. Let’s examine early pregnancy symptoms together.

Fatigue and Sleepiness

Progesterone hormone is a female hormone that plays an active role during menstruation and pregnancy periods. Every month, it undertakes the task of preparing the uterus for a potential pregnancy. The increase in progesterone hormone levels causes some changes in the mother’s uterus to allow the fertilised embryo to implant while also producing side effects in the body, such as fatigue and tiredness. This situation brings about feeling tired and sleepy. Therefore, feeling constantly sleepy, a decrease in energy, moodiness, and fatigue can be counted among the first signs that emerge in the initial weeks, and these symptoms can continue for the first 3 months.

However, it’s essential to remember that feeling tired due to increased progesterone levels could have other underlying causes. So, feeling tired or wanting to sleep all the time doesn’t prove that you’re pregnant.

Frequent Urination

Another sign that you can notice before your menstruation time is the urge to urinate frequently. About 2-3 weeks after fertilisation, hormone levels gradually increase, leading to an increase in the desire to urinate. The main reasons for this are:

• Increased blood volume due to pregnancy,
• The need for increased kidney efficiency to remove waste products from the body,
• Pressure from the uterus expanding on the bladder.

This situation that occurs in the early weeks can reoccur later in pregnancy due to increased pressure on the bladder from the growing baby.

Bloating and Constipation

Bloating and digestive problems are also among the early symptoms. Pregnancy hormones directly affect many systems in the body, with the digestive and excretory systems being the most affected during this period. Hormones slow down the digestive system, leading to slower digestion and excretion than normal. Therefore:

• Bloating increases,
• Heartburn and acid reflux occur,
• Indigestion increases,
• Excretion slows down,
• Constipation occurs.

Breast Sensitivity

Breasts are the areas where women experience the most sensitivity during special periods. Hormonal fluctuations in the body directly affect the breasts. The same is true when pregnancy is present.

When progesterone, prolactin, and estrogen hormones increase in the body, there is also an increase in the amount of blood carried to the breasts. Increased blood flow can cause tingling and pain in the breasts. Suddenly rising hormones prompt the breasts in women to take the first step in preparing for milk production. Therefore, before your period, the breasts may appear more swollen than usual, feel more sensitive to touch, and have a tingling sensation.

You can start experiencing these symptoms immediately after fertilisation. However, because similar complaints can occur before menstruation, this situation alone does not indicate pregnancy.

Darkening of the Nipples

The circular area around the nipples is called the areola. Areola areas can be of different colours depending on each woman’s skin tone. However, during pregnancy, hormones cause the areolas to darken. Additionally, it may be noticed that the areolas begin to widen 1-2 weeks after fertilisation.

Increased Sensitivity to Smells

An excessive sensitivity to smells is one of the most well-known pregnancy symptoms. This sign can manifest itself in the early stages of pregnancy.

The estrogen hormone can make a pregnant woman more sensitive to various dominant smells such as cigarettes, food, perfume, and body odor. In some cases, expectant mothers may also complain about the smell of objects and the house. If premenstrual sensitivity to smell occurs, pregnancy may be suspected.

Increase in Vaginal Discharge and Contractions

In the first 4 weeks of pregnancy, some vaginal findings may occur in expectant mothers. The main reason for these is hormonal changes, and many of them are not serious enough to worry about. Hormone levels can produce more secretions to protect the vaginal structure and embryo from external factors. This is a normal condition.

Mild contractions and cramps may be felt in the groin area in the early weeks. These symptoms occur during the implantation of the fertilised egg on the uterine inner wall and are natural.

Slight spotting in brown or pink colour and light bleeding may occur. This condition, also called implantation bleeding, is among the early signs. However, if there is abnormal bleeding or if cramps and contractions are unbearable, it is necessary to consult a specialist doctor.

Nausea

Nausea and a feeling of vomiting are signs that lead to suspicion of pregnancy. Beta HCG and estrogen hormones can cause nausea. Especially in the first 3 months of pregnancy, intense complaints of nausea and vomiting can be seen. Some expectant mothers may not experience nausea. However, 60-70% of pregnant women experience this symptom. The sudden changes in hormones can cause this symptom to occur in the first weeks.

Premenstrual pregnancy symptoms are, in fact, almost identical to pregnancy symptoms. Only their severity may vary. As the course of pregnancy progresses, there may be an increase in complaints, and sometimes a decrease. These signs are by no means a guarantee that you are expecting a baby. They could also be indicative of different conditions. Whether or not you are pregnant can only be determined definitively with a pregnancy test.

For men, a simple test called a sperm analysis can be conducted. With this test, the volume and concentration of sperm in a millilitre, as well as the morphology or shape of the sperm, can be examined. Abnormal-shaped sperm cells are always present, but they should account for less than 40%. Additionally, at least 60% of the sperm should show progressive movement, and there should be a minimum of 20 million sperm per millilitre. The volume of sperm should typically range between 2-5 millilitres. However, having a slightly lower sperm count does not mean someone cannot become a father. They still have a chance; it just may take a bit longer compared to others. Moreover, nowadays, sperm abnormalities can be effectively treated through various methods such as insemination or in vitro fertilisation (IVF).

For women, a more detailed examination is required. One of these is checking whether the fallopian tubes are open. It is recommended that this test be done for couples who have not achieved pregnancy despite attempting for a year. For women under 35 years old, if pregnancy has not occurred after one year of trying, the openness of the fallopian tubes should be examined. This timeframe can be slightly shorter for women over 35. Another test that should be performed for women is to investigate whether there is ovulation and whether the hormone levels are balanced. There are two simple blood tests for this purpose. The first one measures the hormones responsible for ovulation and ovarian function on the third day of the menstrual cycle. The other test, done on the 21st day of the cycle, checks for ovulation. These tests can help determine if a woman has hormonal imbalances or ovulation issues.

Is the likelihood of infertility higher in women with irregular periods?

Yes, compared to women with regular periods, the likelihood is higher. A woman typically menstruates every 28 days, but the normal range is between 25-32 days. A variation of 1-2 days is not concerning. However, if, for example, a woman only menstruates once every 2 or 3 months, it is highly likely that her ovulation function is not working properly. Therefore, the chances of getting pregnant without treatment for such a person are considerably low.

What is the fertility age limit for men?

For example, if a 70-year-old man can engage in sexual intercourse and experience ejaculation, it is still possible for him to father a child. Although sperm count may decrease in men due to hormonal changes, it never reaches zero.

What determines the fertility age limit in women?

A girl’s eggs are already present in her ovaries when she is still a fetus in her mother’s womb. By the fourth month of pregnancy, the eggs reach their peak number, which is approximately 2 million. However, about half of these eggs are lost at birth. It is estimated that when a child reaches puberty, there are about 400,000 eggs left in her ovaries. After that, the number of eggs continues to decrease gradually. Getting pregnant after the age of 45 becomes increasingly difficult due to this natural process, but it is not impossible. The biological makeup varies from person to person, but pregnancy at these ages rarely occurs. Therefore, speaking in terms of age, there is not much change in women’s fertility until the age of 35. The ages between 20-30 are the most fertile years for women. After the age of 35, fertility decreases.

Do environmental factors affect fertility?

Certainly, they do, but the impact of environmental factors is more noticeable in men. This is because while egg production in women does not continue throughout life, sperm production in men is ongoing. In fact, sperm is one of the most continuously produced cell types in the male body. Therefore, they are more susceptible to environmental influences. Sperm production takes approximately 3 months. During this time, environmental factors such as chemical substances, radiation, toxins, and hormones given to food uncontrollably can affect the reproductive organs.

How does lifestyle and smoking affect fertility?

Lifestyle significantly affects a person’s fertility. Smoking, in particular, affects ovarian function more than fertility. This is because smoking contains numerous chemicals that narrow blood vessels and reduce the capacity of blood to carry oxygen each time it is consumed. Consequently, it reduces the amount of oxygen delivered to every organ, including the ovaries. For example, while the average age of menopause is around 51, it occurs approximately 3 years earlier in a woman who smokes a pack of cigarettes a day. Scientific research conducted on this topic provides ample evidence. If smoking affects the ovaries to this extent, it is inevitable that it also affects fertility.

How to avoid environmental factors?

Since this is within their control, couples should first distance themselves from substances that harm them. Quitting smoking can be considered the first step. Alcohol consumption comes next. While occasional drinking does not pose a problem, continuous alcohol consumption should be stopped. It is also advisable to reduce the consumption of caffeine-containing beverages such as coffee and tea. Furthermore, beyond this, it is necessary to avoid foods containing artificial dyes, high levels of chemical substances, and preservatives such as nitrites and sulfites.

When should couples turn to IVF treatment?

Couples under the age of 35 should try to conceive naturally for at least 1 year. However, if there are existing problems, there is no need to wait for a year. For example, if a woman menstruates once every 3 months, it would be pointless to wait for a year before testing. Thus, if there are clear problems, they should be treated. But in a normal situation, waiting for a year is appropriate. After the age of 35, tests such as sperm analysis can be performed after 6-9 months of trying. If a person over 40 wants to have a child, they can start testing and treatment as soon as possible.

Does a history of abortion affect fertility?

Like any surgery, abortion carries a certain degree of risk. The risks associated with abortion include adhesions in the uterus, infection, bleeding, and uterine perforation. However, these are rare occurrences. While abortion carries a certain risk to fertility, a well-performed abortion does not have any effect. An increase in the number of abortions does not necessarily mean an increased risk compared to previous ones.

At what time of the month are women most fertile?

The 14th day after the first day of menstruation is the most anticipated ovulation day. Since sperm lives for an average of 48 hours, starting from the 10th day, having intercourse every other day is predicted to bring the chances of pregnancy to the highest level.

For more details, you can read our article on ovulation: Most Asked 10 Questions about Ovulation Period

Is there an ideal fertility time for men?

There are not many restrictions for men. Since sperm production continues continuously, but the liquid part of the sperm also needs to be formed, it is estimated that the most suitable combination for men will be produced in intercourse that is performed every other day as a standard. If a man is going to have a sperm analysis done in a laboratory, it is recommended that he provide a sperm sample after 2-3 days of sexual abstinence. Because the most suitable sperm profile is measured after this two-day abstinence. While frequent intercourse leads to a decrease in sperm volume and counts, too much time between intercourse reduces sperm motility. Therefore, intercourse every other day is considered the most suitable for pregnancy. If a man already has a very good sperm count, this timeframe may not be crucial.

Is it possible to not be able to get pregnant after treatment?

Certainly, there is. Nowadays, about 90% of couples who cannot conceive can achieve pregnancy through treatment. The remaining 10% cannot conceive due to serious reasons. If there is no sperm production in men or if there is no egg production in women, there is nothing that can be done. If there are severe uterine abnormalities, the chance of pregnancy is eliminated.

How many attempts should be made if IVF treatment is unsuccessful?

Treatments are a process conducted against both the purse, psychology, and time. Therefore, couples should be able to say it’s not working after trying for a while. The previous attempt should guide the next one. Before trying again, it is essential to look back and investigate why the treatment failed. For a woman under 35, the chance of success in the first attempt is between 50% and 60%. However, the probability decreases slightly with each attempt. There is usually no problem with a woman up to an average of 6 attempts. Unless there is a critical issue, a woman under the age of 35 can get pregnant in a maximum of three attempts with today’s technology. However, if a woman is over 40, the chance of pregnancy decreases due to reduced fertility. The chance of getting pregnant through IVF at this age is about 25%. Therefore, there may be more treatment attempts in this age range. 

Processed Meat Products

Processed meat products such as sausage, salami, hot dogs, and pastrami, although they undergo heat treatment and do not carry the risk of microorganisms, contain high levels of salt, and consequently, high sodium content. Excess sodium can lead to high blood pressure and kidney problems during pregnancy.

Bottom-Dwelling Fish

Although fish consumption during pregnancy can be highly beneficial due to its unique content of Omega 3 and Omega 6 unsaturated fatty acids, not every type of fish is suitable for consumption during your pregnancy.

In particular, bottom-dwelling fish and shellfish such as mussels carry a high risk of heavy metals and mercury. If consumed, they can negatively affect your baby’s neurological development by passing through the placenta.

Instead of bottom-dwelling fish, you can safely opt for surface-dwelling fish such as anchovies, horse mackerel, bonito, and mackerel when they are fresh.

Green Tea and Sage Tea

Some herbal teas are not recommended during pregnancy because they contain caffeine and may disrupt the uterine structure. Green tea and sage tea fall into this category of tea to avoid. You can opt for calming teas such as lemon balm, chamomile, or linden to alleviate digestive problems.

Raw Foods

Due to the risk of containing microorganisms, it is essential to avoid consuming raw meat, eggs, unpasteurised raw milk, and products made from this raw milk during pregnancy. The risk of infection from raw foods is a threat to both your and your baby’s health.

Caffeine

Excessive caffeine consumption during pregnancy can increase the baby’s heart rate and cause changes in respiratory activities. During pregnancy, you should limit your caffeine intake to no more than 200 mg per day. For example, you can drink one cup of filter coffee per day. 

Liver

The liver is a very rich source of vitamin A. Excessive intake of vitamin A during pregnancy increases the risk of birth defects and negatively affects the baby’s development. Therefore, you should avoid consuming liver during this period.

Liquorice Root

According to research, consuming excessive amounts of liquorice root during pregnancy has been associated with behavioural disorders and low IQ in babies. The active ingredient in liquorice root, glycyrrhizin, has been found to stimulate cortisol transfer to the baby and affect mental development during childhood.

Fruit Juice

High-sugar foods make it difficult to control weight gain during pregnancy. Especially since 3-4 servings of fresh fruit are used in the preparation of fruit juices, drinking fruit juice can lead to excessive fruit consumption. Additionally, like sugary and acidic drinks, fruit juice has a high glycemic index, causing your blood sugar to rise rapidly.

During this period, we recommend choosing the fruit itself instead of juices and opting for healthy choices such as mineral water, buttermilk, or kephir instead of sugary beverages.

Sugary Foods

During this period, to keep your weight gain under control, you should limit the consumption of sugary foods as much as possible, just like sugary drinks. To curb your sweet cravings, you can consume dried and fresh fruits as snacks and add cinnamon to milk and yoghurt.

If you’re considering getting pregnant, your first step should be to visit a gynaecologist and undergo the necessary blood tests. Alongside the test results, you should start taking supplements as recommended by your gynaecologist.

Getting pregnant has become increasingly challenging nowadays. One of the main reasons is incorrect nutrition and excess weight. If you have a pregnancy plan and you’re overweight, losing excess weight initially will significantly increase your fertility.

How Should You Eat Before Getting Pregnant?

If you’re considering pregnancy, the second step is to establish a healthy eating routine. Individuals who don’t eat healthy and balanced meals may experience deficiencies in vitamins and minerals. Consuming processed foods can reduce fertility due to vitamin and mineral deficiencies caused by unhealthy eating habits.

Firstly, you should create a nutrition plan for yourself. You should have regular main meals and snacks. Try to eat at the same time every day. Include B vitamins and all other vitamins that increase fertility in your daily diet.

Research has shown that foods rich in magnesium and zinc increase the likelihood of pregnancy. Walnuts, almonds, and leafy green vegetables are rich sources of magnesium. Red meat, poultry, shellfish, nuts, and dairy products are rich sources of zinc. 

During this period, you can start brisk walking three days a week for 45 minutes. Also, try to drink 2.5-3 litres of water throughout the day.

Studies have found that women who consume high-glycaemic-index foods have lower fertility rates than those who consume low-glycaemic-index foods. The glycaemic index is a numerical value assigned to carbohydrates based on the glycemic responses they produce in the body. White flour, products made from white flour, and white bread have a high glycaemic index. Therefore, it’s recommended to choose whole grain products during this period. Consumption of simple carbohydrates should be limited during this period.

Last but not least, try to avoid stress as much as possible.

6 Foods to Help You Get Pregnant

Dark Leafy Green Vegetables

Dark leafy green vegetables contribute to fertility due to their high iron and antioxidant content. These types of vegetables will be your greatest ally during pregnancy. Spinach, lettuce, rocket, broccoli, and other dark leafy greens are high in folate. Folate is a B-group vitamin. You can include these vegetables in your salads, sandwiches, and meals. Adding lemon to greens helps the body absorb iron better.

Eggs

Eggs are one of the most important sources of protein and are the highest quality protein after breast milk. Eggs contain amino acids that our bodies cannot produce and must be obtained externally. Therefore, egg consumption increases fertility. 

Lentils

Lentils are a source of folic acid, making them one of the best foods to increase fertility. Folic acid plays a role in improving reproductive cycle health. It also strengthens your immune system and protects your body from cancer.

Garlic

Garlic is rich in B vitamins and selenium. Selenium is crucial for increasing fertility. Additionally, garlic helps prevent chromosome problems that can result in early miscarriage. Garlic is especially recommended to be consumed raw.

Milk and Dairy Products

Milk and dairy products contain essential minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, potassium, and vitamins such as A, B12, and B2. Being an important source of minerals and vitamins, milk and dairy products are rich in calcium, strengthening your bones. Therefore, choosing milk, buttermilk, or kephir from the protein group for your snacks and consuming fruit alongside them contributes to your fertility and helps balance your blood sugar.

Banana

Bananas are rich in vitamin B6. By reducing testosterone levels, they increase the chance of getting pregnant. Bananas help eggs develop more healthily. You can consume bananas alone as snacks. For breakfast, oatmeal, milk, and bananas can be a good alternative.

In addition to these foods, apples, salmon, flaxseed, celery, asparagus, carrots, avocados, and other foods also help increase fertility. You can include all these foods in your daily diet. However, consuming portion sizes beyond what is necessary would be incorrect just because these foods increase fertility. Too much of anything is harmful. Please consume them while paying attention to portion sizes.